A medida que se
recalientan las relaciones del Imperio con todos los demás, adversarios o
vasallos, notamos un aumento proporcional en la retórica belicista de
comentaristas y analistas. Términos como “S-400” o “B-52” comienzan a hacerse
habituales en diarios, sitios de opinión y
publicaciones on-line. En un mundo en estado de guerras regionales permanentes (en particular en Medio Oriente), podría parecer relativamente natural. Sin embargo, resultan llamativas las (cada vez más) frecuentes referencias a eventuales conflictos nucleares entre los EEUU y sus adversarios más potentes (Rusia y China). Leemos,
por ejemplo, la siguiente nota de un tal Phillyguy para el blog The Vineyard of
the Saker:
Título: War
Essay- The consequences of nuclear war on US society
Texto:
Summary: The US
emerged from WWII as the world’s leading economic and military power. Since
that time US hegemony has been predicated on: 1) unrivaled military strength,
2) control of world’s energy reserves and 3) primacy of the US dollar as the
world’s reserve currency. All of the pillars supporting US global dominance are
now being threatened by continuing US economic decline coupled with ongoing
economic development of China and other Asian countries, who are increasingly
using currencies other than the US dollar, for international trade. US economic
decline is fueling global instability and increasing the possibility of
conflicts erupting between global powers. Thus the threat of nuclear war hangs
over the world.
How did we get
here?
The US emerged
from WWII, with its manufacturing base intact and was the world’s dominant
economic power. This began to change in the mid-1970s, as US corporate profits
began to stagnate/decline, a consequence of increasing competition from rebuilt
economies in Europe- primarily Germany (Marshall Plan), Japan and Korea (US
wars in Korea and Vietnam) and later China (1). To deal with these structural
economic problems confronting US capitalism, the directors of economic policy
in the government and large corporations faced a decision that would play a
major role in shaping global geopolitics for the next 5 decades. They could
make large investments in the domestic economy, developing state of the art
manufacturing facilities and equipment that would enable US corporations to
effectively compete with those in newly emerging economies, or abandon
manufacturing and change the structure of the US economy. As we now know,
policy makers chose the latter route. This policy was based on economic attacks
on poor people and labor, financial deregulation, increased spending on the
military and war and rampant financial speculation.
In November 1980,
Ronald Reagan was elected president and during his administration, began a
frontal assault on organized labor by firing members of the Professional Air
Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) who went on strike over grievances
concerning working conditions in 1981. Reagan also instituted tax cuts for the
wealthy, which have continued under succeeding administrations (2). In 1993,
Bill Clinton entered office and proceeded to attack poor people by cutting
public assistance to poor families- signing the Personal Responsibility and
Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 and pledging to “end welfare as we
know it” (3), facilitated job outsourcing (passage of NAFTA) and deregulated
finance by signing the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (GLBA) aka Financial Services
Modernization Act of 1999, which also repealed the Glass–Steagall act, a
component of the depression era 1933 Banking Act (4). In 2001, George (“W”)
Bush became president and immediately signed legislation cutting taxes for the
wealthy, including major cuts to inheritance taxes. Following the 911 attacks
on the World Trade Center in NYC, President GW Bush sent US troops to
Afghanistan, to ostensibly find Osama bin, head of al-Qaida and alleged leader
and organizer of the 911 attacks. In his 2002 State of the Union address, the
President gave his now famous “axis of evil” speech, which included North Korea
(DPRK), Iran and Iraq (5). This list was later expanded to include Cuba, Libya,
Syria and Venezuela (6). In 2003, President Bush invaded Iraq and deposed their
leader, Iraqi President, Saddam Hussein.
2008 Financial
Crash
The policies
instituted above combined to create the 2008 financial collapse, the largest
financial disaster since the Great Depression. In an attempt to contain the
economic damage resulting from this financial implosion, the US FED bailed out
Wall St banks and to prevent further falls in the Stock market, has provided
Wall St with a nearly unlimited supply of ultra-cheap funds (circa $4 trillion)
for share buybacks and MA deals in what has been referred to as an “orgy” of
corporate debt. Despite multiple tax cuts for the wealthy and financial largess
of the US FED, and other Central banks including Bank of Japan (BOJ) and
European Central Bank (ECB), global capitalism is confronted with slack demand,
high levels of excess capacity and skyrocketing debt. In addition, economies in
the US and EU are challenged with high employment and anemic job growth.
The economic
policies shaped over the last four decades have been continued under Obama and
Trump and have played a decisive role in directing US foreign policies since
the mid-1970s. The relatively rapid economic decline since 2000 directly
threatens US global hegemony and in response the Pentagon has engaged in an
increasingly reckless, bellicose and astronomically expensive foreign policy
(7, 8). Indeed, the US is currently involved in wars stretching from the
Levant, to Caspian Basin, South-west Asia, Persian Gulf, China Sea, Indian
Ocean, Horn of Africa, the Maghreb, to Eastern Europe and Russian border. The
staggering economic costs of these wars can be seen with conflicts in
Afghanistan (longest running war in US history) and Iraq being estimated to
have cost US taxpayers $ 6 trillion (9).
Focus on China
The emergence of
China as a potential competitor to US hegemony was recognized by the Obama
administration and in response, reoriented US foreign policy with his “Asia
Pivot” in 2012 (10). Harvard Professor Graham Allison has warned that the US
and China are in “Thucydides Trap” using Athenian historian Thucydides analysis
of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), where “it was the rise of Athens, and
the fear that this inspired in Sparta, that made war inevitable” (11). Tensions
with China have been heightened by the Trump administration’s protectionist
trade policies, tariffs on Chinese exports to the US and out right thuggish
behavior, an example being the arrest of Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou in
Vancouver, Canada (12, 13). The anti-China campaign is being ratcheting up
further with vague accusations of “China’s attempts to obtain trade secrets and
intellectual property through a state-coordinated cyberespionage campaign….. a
brazen effort by the Chinese to obtain Western technology and other proprietary
information”, featured in a prominent piece in the “paper or record” (NYT) by
David Sanger (14). Sanger is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations
(www.cfr.org) which plays a major role in influencing US foreign policy.
Not surprisingly,
most of the “analysis” of US-China relations presented by establishment
academics such as Graham Allison or corporate media pundits like David Sanger
present an accurate picture of economic relationships between the US and China.
Unfortunately, consistently lacking is a critical and comprehensive examination
of how and why this happened- i.e., decades of deliberate US government and
corporate policies which facilitated China’s economic rise and accelerated US
economic decline (see above). This is not surprising as intuitions like the
John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, Council on Foreign
Relations, Rand Corporation and related “think tanks” along with corporate media
are all committed to supporting policies which promote corporate interests and
maximize corporate profits.
Thus, campaigns
against China and Russia share broad support among the directors of US foreign
policy. Collectively, these polices have exacerbated international relations,
greatly increasing the threat of a direct military confrontation between the
Global powers and potential use of nuclear weapons, as President Trump laid out
in his recent National Security Strategy (NSS) speech (15). In his traditional
Christmas message Pope Francis stated “The winds of war are blowing in our
world and an outdated model of development continues to produce human, societal
and environmental decline”. Indeed, The Pope specifically mentioned the
decision by US President Trump to recognize Jerusalem (Al-Quds) as Israel’s
capital and his bellicose rhetoric towards North Korea, setting up potential
new global flashpoints (16). By closely aligning themselves with US policies
which increasingly threatens China and Russia with military attack, US
“allies”- members of NATO, South Korea, Japan, Australia and New Zealand, will
likely be targeted by Russian and Chinese nuclear weapons in the event of
hostilities.
While there has
been extensive analysis of US foreign policy and ongoing US wars, there has
been surprisingly little inquiry of the consequences of a nuclear attack on the
US. Such a discussion is made all the more urgent by the expansion of US/NATO
into Eastern Europe and close to the Russian border, the US/NATO supported coup
in Ukraine in 2014 (17), conflicts in the Middle East and Trump’s bellicose
rhetoric towards the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), Iran, China
and Russia, US withdrawal from the Paris Climate accord, JCPOA (Iran nuclear
deal) and most recently, exiting the INF treaty with Russia.
Vulnerability to
War
The job of
military strategists, like that of prosecuting and defense attorneys in a legal
case is to assess the strength and weakness of their opponent(s) and design
strategies taking into account these features (18). In the case of the US, the
strengths are pretty obvious. The US possesses formidable military power,
albeit being gradually confronted by Russia and China, and the dollar is still
the dominant currency in the international monetary system, although its
strength is being eroded by growing US debt and competition from the Euro and
Chinese renminbi, which was recently added to IMF’s basket of reserve
currencies. The primacy of the dollar is also seeing competition from bitcoin
and other cryptocurrencies (19).
The structural
features of US society make it extremely susceptible to nuclear war. Some of
these attributes include: population density, energy dependence, reliance on
information technology and social instability.
1. Population
Density A dozen regions comprise the major economic centers which drive the US
economy (20). Approximately 2/3 of the US population lives on littoral areas of
the country- 38% on the East Coast (Atlantic Ocean), 16% on West Coast (Pacific
Ocean) and 12% on the Gulf Coast (21).
2) Energy US
society is highly energy dependent. The US has 5% of the world’s population but
consumes 18% of the world’s energy. Approximately 65% of electricity is
generated from fossil fuel (oil, natural gas and coal) while 20% is obtained
from nuclear power (22, 23). Nuclear power plants rely on electrically powered
pumps to circulate water around the reactor cores to keep them from
overheating. When these pumps cease functioning, the reactor cores overheat and
literally undergo a “meltdown” releasing highly radioactive uranium fuel
assemblies into the environment, which occurred during the 1986 Chernobyl
nuclear plant accident in Ukraine (24) and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
disaster in Japan (25).
3) Transportation
and Agriculture. Our transportation “system” relies on energy inefficient
automobiles and planes as the primary means of local and distant travel. US
agriculture is extremely energy-dependent, requiring 10 calories of energy to
produce 1 calorie of food (26). Further, the average food commodity transits
1500 miles from production point to consumption site- e.g., California
strawberries in PA (usually transported on diesel fueled trucks; 27).
4. Information
Technology – The functioning of our society- industries and businesses which
provide jobs and keep our economy running, healthcare, educational system and
the government all rely on information flow to function (28). This system
encompasses local computers, the internet and fiber optic cables serving as
data pipelines, computer server farms and “cloud” storage facilities, all of
which consume lots of electricity (29).
5. Social
Instability Our society is extremely polarized- exemplified by the election of
Donald Trump in November, 2016. Following Trump’s election, there has been a
rise in racist, neo-Nazi groups as we saw in Charlottesville, VA (30).
Likely Targets
In the case of a
major conflict, key targets in the US will include military installations,
major cities and energy infrastructure, the last two being “soft” targets,
easily hit and difficult to defend. Attacks on energy related facilities will
include electrical generating stations, oil and natural gas production sites
and refineries, storage facilities, pipelines and loading docks. Also targeted
will be fiber optic cables and computer server farms and storage facilities.
When this happens, the US economy and society will completely cease normal
functioning. Electrical generation will stop and the pumps required for
distribution of potable water and operation of sewage treatment plants stop
working, resulting in the rapid development of Cholera epidemics, as observed
in Yemen (31, 32). Rapidly dwindling supplies of gasoline and diesel fuel mean
that transportation is greatly restricted, businesses, hospitals and education
facilities, heavily reliant on electricity and information technology
completely stop functioning. Energy intensive agricultural production rapidly
declines resulting in food shortages and starvation. Lack of electricity causes
the electric pumps circulating water around reactor cores of the 98 nuclear
power plants currently operating in the country (23) to stop, resulting in core
meltdowns, producing Fukushima and Chernobyl- like nuclear disasters across the
US. These economic and social disruptions will likely lead to vast social panic
and unrest across the country, resulting in violent confrontations such as
occurred in Charlottesville, VA, 2017.
There is no way
an energy intensive, technologically advanced society like the US can adapt to
conditions following a major war. This will likely lead to complete destruction
of the US as a country and may well lead to extinction of the human species.
With the exception of a handful of journalists such as Professor Michel
Chossudovsky, director of the Centre for Research on Globalization, Steve
Lendman, Geopolitical analyst, Helen Caldicott, Australian physician and
anti-nuclear activist, and discussion of a “nuclear winter” following a nuclear
war (33), there has been little discussion about the direct impact of a major
war on US society by mainstream media outlets.
Concluding
Remarks
The US is very
vulnerable to any nuclear attack, and from my perspective, it is doubtful that
US society will survive such an event. Unfortunately, it appears that the only
approach the US is following to address its structural economic decline is an
increasingly bellicose and belligerent foreign policy. Indeed, in September,
2017, President Trump gave a speech in front of the UN, referring to DPRK
leader Kim Jong-un, as “Rocket Man” and stating he would “totally destroy North
Korea”.
Not to be
outdone, UN Ambassador Nikki Haley said at a recent UNSC meeting “if war comes,
make no mistake, the North Korean regime will be utterly destroyed”. Russia and
China share a border with North Korea and thus will be directly affected by any
war on the Korean Peninsula, potentially leading to a nuclear war, as recently
pointed out by William Polk (34, 35). Rather than toning down their bellicose
rhetoric, the Trump administration, along with members of Congress have
continued issuing threats against China and Russia. Speaking to the UN General
Assembly in September, 2018, President Trump and his top advisors delivered
“fiery” speeches against Iran (36).
Final Points
1. The US is the
only county in the world to have used nuclear weapons, which were dropped on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan at the end of World War II (37). Following the
“success” of these attacks, the Pentagon had detailed plans to use over 200
atomic bombs to strike 66 “strategic” targets in the Soviet Union (38) and
since that time, plans to attack Russia have been continuously upgraded (39,
40).
2. The ruling
elite in the US are well aware of continuing (accelerating?) US economic
decline and looming strategic debacles confronting the Pentagon in Afghanistan,
Iraq and Syria (7-9). At the same time Russia, China and Iran are incorporating
increasingly sophisticated military hardware into their armed forces (for an
excellent analysis see 41, 42). The US response has been an increasingly
reckless, bellicose and astronomically expensive foreign policy.
3. Once nuclear
weapons are used, the chances of a rapid escalation are very high.
4. The use of
mini-nukes has been pushed by US military planners as representing “less risk”
to the civilian population. Indeed, the US is currently undertaking a $1.3
Trillion upgrade of existing nuclear weapons, which began under the Obama
Administration (43). Trump has announced the US will leave the INF treaty
unless Russia discontinues certain missile programs (44).
5. In the event
of a nuclear war, the devastation will be rapid and very widespread and there
is no preparation for such an event. US infrastructure will be completely
destroyed, which will likely tear our society apart.
I was a “baby
boomer” and grew up when the US and Soviet Union were testing atomic bombs. I
recall my Mom, a member of “Women for Peace”, putting a bumper sticker on our
family car that read “Our Only Shelter is Peace”. This is still true today.
Notas:
1. The “Decline”
of U.S. Economy: A Historical Comparison. By Chen Dezhao, China Institute for
International Studies; Link:
www.ciis.org.cn/english/2011-11/18/content_4635120.htm
2. Reagan
insider: ‘GOP destroyed U.S. economy’. By Paul B. Farrell Market Watch Aug 10,
2010; Link:
www.marketwatch.com/story/reagan-insider-gop-destroyed-us-economy-2010-08-10
3. The End of
Welfare as We Know It- America’s once-robust safety net is no more. By Alana
Semuels The Atlantic, Apr 1, 2016; Link:
www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/the-end-of-welfare-as-we-know-it/476322/
4. Banking Act of
1933 (Glass-Steagall) June 16, 1933. Federal Reserve History; Link:
www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/glass_steagall_act
5. Text of
President Bush’s 2002 State of the Union Address. Washington Post, Jan. 29,
2002; Link: www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/transcripts/sou012902.htm
6. Global
Warfare: “We’re Going to Take out 7 Countries in 5 Years: Iraq, Syria, Lebanon,
Libya, Somalia, Sudan & Iran..” Video Interview with General Wesley Clark
By General Wesley Clark and Amy Goodman Global Research, May 14, 2018; Link:
www.globalresearch.ca/we-re-going-to-take-out-7-countries-in-5-years-iraq-syria-lebanon-libya-somalia-sudan-iran/5166
7. Losing by
“Winning”: America’s Wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria By Anthony H.
Cordesman Aug 13, 2018; Link:
www.csis.org/analysis/losing-winning-americas-wars-afghanistan-iraq-and-syria
8. The Costs of
War: counted in TRILLIONS. Dec 13, 2017 by Phillyguy for the Saker blog; Link:
thesaker.is/the-costs-of-war/
9. United States
Budgetary Costs of the Post-9/11 Wars Through FY2019: $5.9 Trillion Spent and
Obligated by Neta C. Crawford Nov 14, 2018; Link:
watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2018/Crawford_Costs%20of%20War%20Estimates%20Through%20FY2019%20.pdf
10. The
president’s Asia legacy is not worst in recent history. But it’s not the best
either. By Michael J. Green Sept 3, 2016; Link:
foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/03/the-legacy-of-obamas-pivot-to-asia/
11. The
Thucydides Trap: Are the U.S. and China Headed for War? By Graham Allison, The
Atlantic, Sept. 24, 2015; Link:
www.belfercenter.org/publication/thucydides-trap-are-us-and-china-headed-war
12. Trump could
make Obama’s pivot to Asia a reality By Josh Rogin Washington Post January 8,
2017; Link:
www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/trump-could-make-obamas-pivot-to-asia-a-reality/2017/01/08/a2f8313a-d441-11e6-945a-76f69a399dd5_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.4a446c392185
13. Washington
using legal cover to conceal economic banditry by Finian Cunningham RT Dec 12,
2018; Link: www.rt.com/op-ed/446285-china-us-economy-huawei/
14. U.S. Accuses
Chinese Nationals of Infiltrating Corporate and Government Technology By David
E. Sanger and Katie Benner Dec. 20, 2018; Link:
www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/us/politics/us-and-other-nations-to-announce-china-crackdown.html
15. Trump’s
National Security Strategy: The return of “great power” military conflict By
Bill Van Auken 20 Dec 2017; Link:
www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/12/20/pers-d20.html.
16. Pope laments
‘winds of war’ blowing around the world in Christmas message. Chicago Tribune.
Dec 25, 2017; Link: www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-pope-francis-christmas-message-20171225-story.html
17. It’s not
Russia that’s pushed Ukraine to the brink of war By Seumas Milne. The Guardian
Apr 30, 2014; Link: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/30/russia-ukraine-war-kiev-conflict
18. Striking a
Strategic Balance – Putin’s Preventive Response By Rostislav Ishchenko
[Translated by Ollie Richardson and Angelina Siard] Oct 22, 2018; Link:
www.stalkerzone.org/rostislav-ishchenko-striking-a-strategic-balance-putins-preventive-response/
19. 21st century
reserve currencies – (how long) will the dollar-euro dominance prevail? Kevin
Koerner and Franziska Winkler Deutsche Bank Nov 15, 2017; Link:
www.dbresearch.com/servlet/reweb2.ReWEB?rwnode=RPS_EN-PROD$HIDDEN_GLOBAL_SEARCH&rwsite=RPS_EN-PROD&rwobj=ReDisplay.Start.class&document=PROD0000000000455549.
20. The Dozen
Regional Powerhouses Driving the U.S. Economy by Richard Florida
Mar 12, 2014;
Link: www.citylab.com/life/2014/03/dozen-regional-powerhouses-driving-us-economy/8575/
21. People-
Geographic Distribution of US Population; Link:
www.theusaonline.com/people/geographic-distribution.htm
22. What is U.S.
electricity generation by energy source? Link:
www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3
23. Nuclear Power
in the USA (Updated Oct, 2018); Link:
www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power.aspx
24. Backgrounder
on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident; Link:
www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html
25. Fukushima
Daiichi Accident; Link:
www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-accident.aspx
26. How to Feed
the World By Michael Pollan. Newsweek, May 19, 2008; Link: michaelpollan.com/articles-archive/how-to-feed-the-world/
27. How Far Does
Your Food Travel to Get to Your Plate? Center for Urban Education about
Sustainable Agriculture (CUESA); Link:
cuesa.org/learn/how-far-does-your-food-travel-get-your-plate
28. More
Dependence on Internet Leads to More Cyberattacks Worldwide by Elizabeth Lee.
VOA, Aug 26, 2017; Link:
www.voanews.com/a/dependence-on-internet-leads-to-more-cyberattacks/4001728.html
29. The
Surprisingly Large Energy Footprint of the Digital Economy. Our computers and
smartphones might seem clean, but the digital economy uses a tenth of the
world’s electricity — and that share will only increase, with serious
consequences for the economy and the environment. By Bryan Walsh. Time, Aug.
14, 2013; Link:
science.time.com/2013/08/14/power-drain-the-digital-cloud-is-using-more-energy-than-you-think/
30.
Charlottesville rally violence: How we got here. By Eliott C. McLaughlin, CNN
Aug. 14, 2017; Link: www.cnn.com/2017/08/14/us/charlottesville-rally-timeline-tick-tock/index.html
31. Yemen is
currently facing the largest documented cholera epidemic in modern times. A new
report warns it could get worse. By Alanna Shaikh, MPH UN dispatch May 08,
2018; Link: www.undispatch.com/yemen-is-currently-facing-the-largest-documented-cholera-epidemic-in-modern-times-a-new-report-warns-it-could-get-worse/
32. Cholera
epidemic in Yemen, 2016–18: an analysis of surveillance data. By Anton Camacho,
et al. The Lancet Global Health Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e680–690; Link:
www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2214-109X%2818%2930230-4
33. The Risk of
Nuclear Winter by Seth Baum May 29, 2015; Link:
fas.org/pir-pubs/risk-nuclear-winter/
34. America on
the Brink of Nuclear War: Background to the North Korean Crisis By William R.
Polk Sep 6, 2017;
Link:
www.counterpunch.org/2017/09/06/mayday-korea-america-on-the-brink-of-nuclear-war
35. America on
the Brink of Nuclear War: What Should We Do? By William R. Polk Sep 7, 2017;
Link: www.counterpunch.org/2017/09/07/america-on-the-brink-of-nuclear-war-what-should-we-do).
36. President
Trump’s Efforts to Isolate Iran at the U.N. Backfired By W.J. Hennigan Sep 26,
2018 Time; Link: http://time.com/5407295/donald-trump-iran-united-nations/
37. Hiroshima and
Nagasaki: Gratuitous Mass Murder, Nuclear War, “A Lunatic Act” By Stephen
Lendman Global Research, Aug 09, 2018; Link:
www.globalresearch.ca/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-gratuitous-mass-murder-nuclear-war-a-lunatic-act-2/5467504
38. “Wipe the
Soviet Union Off the Map”, 204 Atomic Bombs against 66 Major Cities, US Nuclear
Attack against USSR Planned During World War II When America and the Soviet
Union Were Allies. By Prof Michel Chossudovsky Global Research, Oct 27, 2018;
Link: www.globalresearch.ca/wipe-the-ussr-off-the-map-204-atomic-bombs-against-major-cities-us-nuclear-attack-against-soviet-union-planned-prior-to-end-of-world-war-ii/5616601
39. The U.S.
Government’s Plan Is to Conquer Russia by a Surprise Invasion by Eric Zuesse
for The Saker Blog Dec 11, 2018; Link:
thesaker.is/the-u-s-governments-plan-is-to-conquer-russia-by-a-surprise-invasion/
40. The US is
Planning a Major War with Russia and China. By James ONeill, Global Research,
Dec 24, 2018; Link: www.globalresearch.ca/the-us-is-planning-a-major-war-with-russia-and-china-reports/5663819
41. Losing
Military Supremacy: The Myopia of American Strategic Planning Byby Andrei
Martyanov, 2018 (Book); Link:
www.amazon.com/Losing-Military-Supremacy-American-Strategic/dp/0998694754
42. Solari
Report- quarterly interview with The Saker Nov 21, 2018; Links:
thesaker.is/solari-report-quarterly-interview-with-the-saker-2;
www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDsL2Fm2Ddc
43. U.S. Nuclear
Modernization Programs. Arms Control Association Aug 13, 2018; Link:
www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/USNuclearModernization
44. US demands
Russia ‘end or modify’ missile it doesn’t like to save INF treaty RT. Dec 7,
2018; Link: www.rt.com/usa/445791-usa-demands-russia-scraps-missile-inf/
