El mapa muestra la red de abastecimiento de gas a traves de gasoductos que atraviesa (o atravesaría) Europa. La imagen permite entender varias cositas, como el dolor de cabeza que significa Ucrania tanto al este como al oeste de sus fronteras, la relativa independencia de terceros países en el abastecimiento de gas ruso a Alemania, y el complejo panorama de abastecimientos reales y/o potenciales que ocurre de Ucrania para el sur.
Fuente: SouthFront (http://southfront.org/network-of-power). El mismo sitio detalla los catorce gasoductos principales (existentes y proyectados, incluyendo los anulados):
Natural gas has
limited and expensive transport options. As a result, natural gas pipelines are
constantly used as tool of the political pressure and bargaining. One of the
most notable battlefields is the European continent, where Russia has exerted
its influence through an intricate network of pipelines. Find the text with an
additional information about the pipelines below the graphics.
(for high
resolution image go here:
http://southfront.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/A-gas-pipeline-network-of-the-European-continent.jpg)
1. NORD STREAM
Capacity: 55
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: Gazprom, Wintershall, E.ON, Gasunie,
Engie.
- The Nord Stream
pipeline became operational in 2011. First proposed in 1997, disputes between
Kiev and Moscow in 2006 and 2009 prompted Russia to stop natural gas flows
through Ukraine, depriving Europe of natural gas and accelerating Nord Stream
construction. The pipeline enables Russia to deliver energy directly to Germany
and parts of Central Europe.
2.
NORDEUROPAISCHE ERDGASLEITUNG (NEL)
Capacity: 20
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: Gazprom, Wintershall, E.ON, Gasunie,
Fluxys.
- The NEL pipeline
is complementary to the OPAL project and connects Nord Stream to existing gas
infrastructure in western Germany.
3. OPAL
Capacity: 35
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: Wintershall, Gazprom, E.ON.
- The German-built
OPAL pipeline came operational in 2011 and connects Nord Stream to the gas
infrastructure in eastern Germany and Central Europe. The EU Third Energy
Package limits how much Gazprom can use OPAL. The European Commission was
expected to increase exemption by 50 percent in March 2014, allowing Gazprom to
use the pipeline to full capacity. However, the commission postponed its plans
because of Ukraine crisis.
4. NORTHERN
LIGHTS AND YAMAL EUROPE
Capacity: 84
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: Gazprom, Beltrangaz, PGNiG.
- The Northern
Lights and Yamal-Europe pipelines are two major systems that deliver Russian
gas to Eastern Europe. Poland depends on the pipeline system and lacks good
alternatives. In an attempt to become less reliant on Russian energy, Warsaw
seeks to develop an LNG import facility on the Baltic Sea.
5. SOYUZ
Capacity: 26
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: Gazprom, Ukrtransgaz.
- The Soyuz and
Brotherhood pipelines are Gazprom’s major export routes for delivering gas to
Europe through Ukraine. They have a total capacity of over 150 billion cubic
meters. In an effort to avoid using Ukraine as a transit state, Gazprom is
seeking alternative routes from 2019 onward.
6. BROTHERHOOD
Capacity: 132
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: Gazprom, UkrTransGaz.
- Together with the
Soyuz pipeline, the Brotherhood and Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline systems
are Gazprom’s major export conduits, delivering gas into Europe through
Ukraine. Russia has been trying to reduce its reliance on Ukraine as a transit
state.
7. BLUE STREAM
Capacity: 16
bilion cubic meters per year (expanding to 19 bcm). Partners: Gazprom, BOTAS,
Eni.
- One of two major
pipeline systems that Gazprom uses to deliver natural gas to Turkey. Gazprom
can deliver about 16 bcm to Turkey via Ukraine, and another 16 bcm directly to
Turkey via Blue Stream. At the moment, neither pipeline alone has the capacity
to meet Turkey’s energy demands. In 2014, Turkey and Russia agreed to expand
the capacity of Blue Stream by 3 bcm.
8. RUSSIAN GAS-WEST
PIPELINE
Capacity: 16
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: BOTAS, Transgaz, Bulgartransgaz.
- The Russian
Gas-West pipelines deliver gas to Turkey through Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria.
In the future Turkish demand will exceed both the existing pipelines’ capacity
and a third will be needed.
9. NORD STREAM 2
Capacity: 55
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: Gazprom, Shell, OMV, E.ON.
- Gazprom signed a
memorandum of understanding with Shell, OMV, and E.ON at the 2015 St Petersburg
International Economic Forum to build the Nord Stream-2 pipeline. As proposed,
Nord Stream-2 would be the same size as the original pipeline and go
operational in late 2019. The pipeline will increase capacity over time to
balance out reduced North Sea production.
10. TURKISH
STREAM
Capacity: 63
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: BOTAS, Gazprom.
- The pipeline is
designed to provide an alternative route to deliver natural gas into southern
Europe, bypassing Ukraine. Gazprom signed a deal with Greece for the Southern
European Pipeline connector that would linkup with TurkStream at the
Turkey-Greece border to move supplies into Europe. Gazprom and Turkey have yet
to finalize an agreement on the TurkStream pipeline itself. One of Ankara’s
biggest incentives to support TurkStream would be to remove its own reliance on
Ukraine-transited gas.
11. EASTRING
PIPELINE
Capacity: 20
billion to 40 billion cubic meters per year. Partners: Eustream, Transgaz,
Bulgartransgaz.
- Eastring would
connect infrastructure in Slovakia to Romania and Bulgaria. Slovakia has taken
the lead on the project and even suggested connecting to TurkStream. Bratislava
wants to be part of Gazprom’s plans to diversify transit options away from
Ukraine because Slovakia is the critical link between pipelines in Ukraine and
central Europe.
12. TRANS
ADRIATIC PIPELINE
Capacity: 10
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: BP, SOCAR, Statoil, Fluxys, Enegas,
Axpo.
- TAP is one of the
EU’s South Corridor projects designed to move gas from the Caspian Sea region
to Southern Europe through Turkey as a way to reduce reliance on Russia. The
TAP pipeline would connect with the TANAP pipeline at the Turkey-Greece border
and send gas to Italy through Albania. Construction on the project is expected
to begin in 2015.
13. TANAP
Capacity: 16
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: SOCAR, BP, BOTAS.
- TANAP is designed
to move gas from Azerbaijan’s to Turkey, where it will connect to markets in
Europe. TANAP will send 16 billion cubic meters of gas into Turkey where it
will connect with the TAP pipeline to send 10 bcm onward to Europe. The TANAP
and TAP projects are cornerstones of the European Union’s Southern Gas Corridor
energy projects to bring Caspian-sourced gas into Europe to counteract
dependence on Russia. Construction on TANAP is expected to be complete by 2018.
14. SOUTH STREAM
Capacity: 63
bilion cubic meters per year. Partners: Gazprom, Eni, others.
- South Stream was
a pipeline system that would have sent gas from Russia to Bulgaria across the
Black Sea and then onward through Serbia into Central Europe. Gazprom canceled
the project in December 2013 and is pursuing the TurkStream pipeline project
instead, hoping to achieve the same strategic goal of bypassing Ukraine. The
European Commission opposed South Stream and contributed to Gazprom’s
cancellation of the project.
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